UrbanOccupationsOETR_temettuat_animals_FAO_6_region_rural_geosample

Kabadayi, M. Erdem

With the UrbanOccupationsOETR, a European Research Councill, Starting Grant funded (Grant Number 679097, Industrialisation and Urban Growth from the mid-nineteenth century Ottoman Empire to Contemporary Turkey in a Comparative Perspective, 1850-2000, UrbanOccupationsOETR) project hosted at Koç University 2016-2022, we wanted to highlight the importance of rural economic dynamics to explain differences in long-term regional economic development in the late Ottoman Empire. We provide an Excel dataset on the crop-specific agricultural mix and land area of an Ottoman region, Bursa, in the 1840s. This dataset is the result of a new geosampling methodology we devised, representing a novel development in the agricultural and overall economic history of Southeast Europe and the Middle East.

The 1840s serve as a good period to choose for base years mainly due to three main factors to sample economic data on a regional scale. First, due to Tanzimat reforms (planned and only partially accomplished transformation of the Ottoman central administration in the mid-nineteenth century), the 1840s marked a watershed of bureaucratical information gathering. Especially, the temettuat registers were created as a by-product to realize a drastic change in tax collection. With at least in its first iteration, the unsuccessful abolishment of tax-farming by the Tanzimat decree in 1839, the Ottoman central administration aimed to transform the existing indirect and communal taxation with direct and individual modalities. To accomplish this goal, the administration had to survey the tax base, which was in disguise due to centuries-long tax farming practices. The temettuat registers were conducted in the core regions of the empire with the main exception of the imperial capital, Istanbul. Second, the 1840s correspond to the last period before the beginning of drastic territorial losses, primarily in Southeast Europe, which triggered in size and frequency unprecedented waves of emigration and immigration between the core territories of the empire both in Southeast Europe as well as in Anatolia, which continued until the official demise or the implosion of the empire. Third and lastly, the 1840s serves as a very suitable point to assess the dynamics of pre-industrial and ancienne regime agricultural dynamics due to the lack of modern means of mechanization, irrigation, and fertilization combined with extremely rudimentary transport facilities.

The temettuat surveys are invaluable resources for they provide agricultural asset- / crop-type specific agricultural mix information with cultivation area per household. However, extracting their detailed information requires a team and years. To overcome this, we developed a sampling strategy that selected five locations per subdistrict using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), considering factors of agricultural suitability (85% weight), connectivity to historical roads (within a 500-meter to the closest road or to the Danube, 15% weight, justified by its impact on suitability), and subdistrict population size (chosen villages must represent at least 5% of the subdistrict’s total population).

Our geosampling methodology of the 1840s tax registers (temettuat) is based on contemporary Ottoman population registers. With this geosampling method, we aim to estimate the regional (district (sancak) and subdistrict (kaza)) level total area of cultivation and shares of the agricultural mix for key products. We are using two mid-nineteenth-century datasets: Ottoman tax (TMT) (temettuat) surveys for crop type and cultivation area and the population (nüfus) (NFS) registers for population-based sampling. Connectivity is based on a detailed and provenly accurate 1940s German military map of Turkey, Deutsche Heereskarte (DHK). The agricultural suitability raster is an amalgamation of the Land Capability Classification (LCC) encapsulating the variables of soil quality and quantity and the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) based on Shuttle Radar Topography Mission with 30-meter-resolution and comprising elevation, slope, and ruggedness data.

In the end, a geosampling initiative was undertaken across six regions in Southeast Europe and Anatolia, namely Ankara, Bursa, Plovdiv, Ruse, Manisa, and Edirne, covering a total of 277 locations with 17,675 households. Our project team entered the economic data from those records into a Microsoft Access database. We employed a specially crafted data entry template to organize the tax survey data into multiple categories systematically.

After geosampling locations, our objective extended to deriving estimates for the total number of animals within each subdistrict and region. To achieve this goal, it was imperative that the data undergo coding of the types of animals into a standardized and comparable scheme. We adopted the “Classification of Livestock for the Agricultural Census” from the “World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2010” of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) published in 2005.

Every animal entry was coded into the “Classification of Livestock for the Agricultural Census” scheme, encompassing the categories of “11” – Cattle; “12” – Buffaloes; “20” – Small ruminants; “21” – Sheep; “22” – Goats; “30” – Pigs or swine; “40” – Equines; “41” – Horses; “42” – Asses; “43” – Mules and hinnies; “52” – Camels.

To accurately reflect the total number of animals, we created a separate column where we doubled the quantities recorded as pairs (çift in Turkish) and then added this to the count of single animals.

This dataset offers animal data for the entire geosampling area per household. It includes 50,569 agricultural entries coded into to the “Classification of Livestock for the Agricultural Census”, detailing the quantity and the cultivated area, corresponding to 12,514 individuals across 12,147 households. Please note that this is a rural geosample. Although the tax surveys of the primary (urban) and secondary (subdistrict centers) locations of all regions were read and entered, they are not included in this dataset.

The categories and descriptions of the variables of the geosample dataset are as follows:

You can download the dataset and use the credentials specified at:

Kabadayı, M. Erdem. “UrbanOccupationsOETR_temettuat_animals_FAO_6_region_rural_geosample.” Zenodo, August 5, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13220611